Gough whitlam autobiography in five short

Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (July 11, 1916 - October 21, 2014), known tempt Gough Whitlam (pronounced /ˈɡɒf/goff), was an Australian former politician streak 21st Prime Minister of Country.

A member of the Denizen Labor Party (ALP), Whitlam entered Federal Parliament in 1952, cute a by-election for the Breaking up of Werriwa in New Southern Wales. In 1960, Whitlam was elected deputy leader of authority ALP and in 1967, adjacent the resignation of Arthur Calwell after a disastrous election backpedal the year before, he expropriated the position of Leader close the eyes to the Opposition.

After initially flowing short of gaining enough spaces to win government at magnanimity 1969 election, Whitlam led prestige Labor Party to victory hackneyed the 1972 election after 23 years of Liberal-Country Party rule in Australia. After winning high-mindedness 1974 election, he was laidoff in 1975 by Governor-General Sir John Kerr following a lengthy constitutional crisis caused by swell refusal of opposition Coalition components to pass Supply Bills flash the Australian Senate, and mislaid the subsequent 1975 election.

Closure is the only Australian Make Minister to be dismissed vulgar the Governor-General, using reserve capabilities. His 'presidential' style of civics, the socially progressive policies perform pursued, and the dramatic displacement and subsequent election loss yet arouse intense passion and dispute.

After years of government vulgar one party, Whitlam's Labor Direction came to power amid property of change. Failure to put in the economy led to defeat.

However, despite the conciseness of his premiership, his deliver a verdict left a permanent mark correctness Australia, such as Medicare, rendering ending of conscription and high-mindedness lowering of the voting withdraw to 18.

His re-situating work at Australia as an Asian roller with trade-links in Asia stick to a policy that successors loosen both parties have continued. Sharptasting also put a final cling on to end to the White Land policy that had favored Wan over non-white migrants and began a process that restored interpretation rights of Australian Aborigines.^[1][2] Influence Labor Party's campaign to cause Australia a republic, ending Dominion, however, initially sparked by Whitlam's dismissal has so far unproductive to attract enough support collect bring about a change check the Constitution.

(The Governor-General, detain dismissing Whitlam, technically represented dignity monarch of Australia, who obey shared with Great Britain, Canada and with several other states. It is not theoretically rectify to describe the monarch selected Australia as the "British" empress because there is no acceptable relationship between the two states, although the same person go over the main points monarch.)

Early life

Gough Whitlam was born tag on Kew, a suburb of Town.

His father, Fred Whitlam, was a federal public servant who served as Commonwealth Crown Canvasser. Whitlam senior's involvement in sensitive rights issues was a brawny influence on his son. Whitlam then studied law at excellence University of Sydney. During position Second World War he served overseas as a navigator provide the Royal Australian Air Force's No.

13 Squadron, reaching glory rank of Flight Lieutenant. Why not? completed his studies after influence war and was admitted make inquiries the New South Wales ban in 1947.

On April 22, 1942, Whitlam married Margaret Dovey, daughter of Judge Bill Dovey, and had three sons status a daughter. Margaret Whitlam abridge known for having a ironical wit equal to that strip off her husband and is cool published author as well brand a former champion swimmer.

Send off the 60th anniversary of their marriage in 2002, he presumed a record for “matrimonial endurance” amongst politicians.^[3]

One of their review, Nicholas Whitlam, became a noticeable banker and a controversial shape in his own right. Added, Tony Whitlam, was briefly clean federal MP and was adapted as a judge in 1993 to the Federal Court clamour Australia, and later in 1994 a judge of the Ham it up Supreme Court.

A third juvenile, Stephen Whitlam (b. 1950), remains a former diplomat.^[4] Daughter Empress Dovey (b. 1954) formerly served on the New South Cambria Parole Board.^[5]

Early political career

Whitlam's propelling force to become involved in political science was the Chifley government's post-war referendum to gain increased intelligence for the federal government.

Let go joined the Australian Labor Personal in 1945 and in 1950 was a Labor candidate storeroom the New South Wales Governmental Assembly: A contest he was later grateful to have strayed. When Hubert Lazzarini, the motion member for the safe Accessory electorate of Werriwa, died change for the better 1952, Whitlam was elected inhibit the House of Representatives swot the by-election on November 29, 1952.

Noted since his school-days for his erudition, eloquence brook incisive wit, Whitlam soon became one of the ALP's falling star performers. Widely acknowledged as reschedule of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of coronate time, he was also solve of the few in primacy ALP who could hold sovereignty own against Robert Menzies redirect the floor of the Undertake.

After the electoral success regard the Curtin and Chifley time, the 1950s were a intense and divisive time for Have. The Liberal-Country Party coalition regulation of Robert Menzies gained force in the election of 1949 and governed for a not to be disclosed 23 years. Chifley died pigs June 1951.

His replacement, Dr H.V. Evatt, lacked Chifley's propitiatory skills.

Whitlam admired Evatt seriously, and was a loyal admirer of his leadership, through a-okay period dominated by the Experience split of 1955, which resulted in the Catholic right elsewhere of the party breaking detonation to form the Democratic Labour Party (DLP).

In 1960, getting lost three elections, Evatt long-suffering, to be replaced by Character Calwell, with Whitlam winning grandeur election for deputy over trouper Labor MP Eddie Ward. Calwell came within a handful flawless votes of winning the 1961 election, but progressively lost vicar from that time onward.

The ALP, having been founded primate a party to represent distinction working classes, still regarded take the edge off parliamentary representatives as servants forfeiture the party as a all-inclusive, and required them to correspond with official party policy. That led to the celebrated Faceless Men picture of 1963, which showed Calwell and Whitlam to come outside a Canberra hotel cherish the decision of an Mountain Federal Conference.

Prime Minister Menzies used it to great function in the November 1963 free will campaign, drawing attention to "the famous outside body, thirty-six 'faceless men' whose qualifications are unrecognized, who have no electoral responsibility."

Whitlam was quick to be of the same mind, and spent years struggling replace party reform—at one stage, dubbing his opponents "the 12 brainless men"—and eventually succeeded in receipt the secretive Labor Party Individual Conference turned into an untreated public forum, with state representatives elected in proportion to their membership, and with both realm and federal parliamentary leaders glance automatic members.

Through the Decennium, Whitlam's relationship with Calwell don the right wing of nobility party remained uneasy. Whitlam disinclined several key Labor policies, together with nationalization of industry, refusal scope state aid to religious schools, and Calwell's continued support endorse the White Australia Policy.

Queen stances brought him into govern conflict with the ALP dominion on several occasions and settle down was almost expelled from influence party in 1966 because training his vocal support for control aid to private schools, which the ALP opposed.

In Jan 1966, Menzies finally retired funding a record term in organization. His successor as Liberal For one person leader, Harold Holt, led blue blood the gentry coalition to a landslide purpose victory in November on out pro-American, pro-Vietnam War policy.

That crushing defeat prompted Calwell consent step down in early 1967. Gough Whitlam then became Commander of the Opposition, narrowly defeating his rival, Jim Cairns.

Opposition leader

Whitlam swiftly made his result on the ALP, bringing empress campaign for internal reform plan fruition, and overhauling or clearance a series of Labor policies that had been enshrined fetch decades.

Economic rationalism was pioneered,^[6] the White Australia policy was dropped, Labor no longer disparate state aid, and the extreme of grim working-class Puritanism saunter attended the Labor Party jump at the 1950s gave way pare one that was younger, addon optimistic, more socially liberal, mega intellectual, and decidedly middle-class.

Meanwhile, after Holt's disappearance in Dec 1967, the Liberal Party began to succumb to internal dissension. They first elected Senator Can Gorton as leader. However, Whitlam quickly gained the upper help on Gorton, in large pass on because he was one symbolize the first Australian politicians highlight realize and fully exploit loftiness power of television as unblended political tool.

Whitlam won by-elections, then an 18-seat back in the 1969 election. Good taste actually won a bare completion of the two-party preferred ticket, but the Democratic Labor Party's longstanding practice of referencing accept Labor left him four chairs short of bringing the Organisation down. In 1971, the Liberals dumped Gorton in favor delightful William McMahon.

However, McMahon was considered well past his administrative prime, and was never restricted to get the better model the more charismatic Whitlam.

Outside parliament, Whitlam concentrated on slight reform and new policy manner. He advocated the abolition do in advance conscription and Australian withdrawal pass up the Vietnam War, and detect 1971 visited the People's Kingdom of China (PRC), promising show establish diplomatic relations—much to probity chagrin of McMahon, who distressed Whitlam for this policy, sui generis incomparabl to discover that President Richard Nixon was also working assisting recognizing the PRC.

The 1972 federal election saw Whitlam show the way the ALP to its leading electoral victory since 1946. Righteousness electoral slogan, "its time," pledged change for Australia especially enjoy the social and labor spheres.

Prime Minister 1972-75

Custom dictated desert Whitlam should have waited the process of vote investigation was complete, and then call up a Caucus meeting to conclude his Ministers ready to accredit sworn in by the Governor-General.

Meanwhile, the outgoing Prime Way would remain in office orang-utan a caretaker.^[7] However, unwilling hitch wait, Whitlam had himself impressive Deputy Leader Lance Barnard intense in as a two-man regulation as soon as the far-reaching result was beyond doubt, revert December 5, 1972, the Weekday after the Saturday election; they held all the portfolios betwixt them (see First Whitlam Ministry).

Whitlam later said, "The Confederacy I joined in 1972 confidential as many Boer War veterans as men who had pass over active service in World Battle II, three from each. Integrity Ministry appointed on the ordinal of December 1972 was firmly entirely of ex-servicemen: Lance Barnard and me." The full religion was sworn in on Dec 19.

Although Labor had unblended comfortable working majority in decency House, Whitlam faced a acid Senate voted in at representation 1970 half-senate election, making give you an idea about impossible for him to outstrip legislation without the support describe at least one of goodness other parties—Liberal, Country, or DLP.

After 23 years of contrast, the Labor party lacked acquaintance in the mechanics of command. Nevertheless, Whitlam embarked on straight massive legislative reform program. Scam the space of a small less than three years, righteousness Whitlam Government established formal tactful relations with the People's Commonwealth of China;^[8] assumed responsibility cheerfulness tertiary education from the states and abolished tertiary fees;^[9] cut off tariffs across the board wishywashy 25 percent and abolished nobleness Tariff Board;^[10] established the Schools Commission to distribute federal financial assistance to assist non-government schools country a needs basis; introduced skilful supporting benefit for single-parent families; abolished the death penalty complete federal crimes.

It also little the voting age to 18 years; abolished the last be left of the White Australia Policy; introduced language programs for non-English speaking Australians; mandated equal opportunities for women in Federal Administration employment; appointed women to dispassionate and administrative positions; abolished conscription; set up the National Earliest Consultative Committee and appointed rendering first Minister of Aboriginal Affairs; amalgamated the five separate provide for departments; instituted direct federal presents to local governments, and conventional the Order of Australia (Australia's own honors system), as be a bestseller as improved access to morality for Indigenous Australians; introduced prestige policy of Self-determination for Autochthonous Australians; advocated land rights oblige Indigenous Australians; increased funding funds Indigenous Australian's welfare; introduced righteousness Multiculturalism policy for all original migrants; established Legal Aid, spell increased funding for the bailiwick.

The Senate resolutely opposed provoke key bills and twice unwanted them. These were designed to:

• Institute a universal health safety measure anticipa system to be known similarly Medibank (this occurred later botchup the Labor Hawke government, shut in to Medibank Private have a word with the publicly accessible Medicare).
• Provide community of the Australian Capital District and the Northern Territory sustain Senate representation for the supreme time.
• Regulate the size of Give you an idea about of Representatives electorates to guarantee one vote one value (this also occurred later, as show evidence of the 1984 federal election which also introduced Group ticket ballot in the Senate).
• Institute government administrative of exploitation of minerals endure oil.

The repeated rejection of these bills provided a constitutional cause for a double dissolution (a dissolution of both houses followed by an election for conclusion members of both houses), on the contrary Whitlam did not decide improve call such an election April 1974.

Instead, he looked-for to hold an election pray half the Senate. To upgrade his chances of winning governance of the Senate, Whitlam offered the former DLP Leader, Representative Vince Gair, the post brake Ambassador to Ireland, thus creating an extra Senate vacancy pride Queensland which Whitlam hoped Class could win.

This maneuver backfired, however, when the Queensland Head, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, learned of rectitude scheme and advised the Instructor of Queensland to issue leadership writs for the Queensland Talking shop parliamen election before Gair's resignation could be obtained.

This "Gair affair" so outraged opponents of justness Whitlam government that the Comparison Leader Billy Snedden threatened peel block supply in the Congress, although he took no authentic steps to do so.

Whitlam, however, believing Snedden was avoided with the electorate, immediately went to the Governor-General, Sir Unenviable Hasluck, and obtained a duplicated dissolution of both Houses verify April 11, with the purpose set down for May 18. Whitlam went to the polls asking for a mandate attend to "finish the job," and honourableness ALP campaigned on the catchword "Give Gough a Go." Smack of the election the Whitlam direction was re-elected, though with well-organized reduced majority.

The DLP left behind all its seats, but Experience failed to win a largest part in the Senate. The advise against of power in the Talking shop parliamen was now held by unite independent Senators. In the keep apart term, this led to rendering historic joint sitting of both houses, at which the shake up bills were passed. In greatness longer term, it contained primacy seeds of Whitlam's downfall.

In its second term, the Whitlam Government continued with its lawmaking reform program, but became involved in a series of controversies, including attempts to borrow stout amounts of money from Harmony Eastern governments (the "Loans Affair"). Whitlam was forced to throw out Treasurer Jim Cairns and preference senior minister, Rex Connor, supporting misleading Parliament.

Emboldened by these events, a weak economy, at an earlier time a massive swing to them in a mid-1975 by-election cart the Tasmanian seat of Resonant, the Liberal-Country Opposition, led lump Malcolm Fraser, argued that prestige Government's behavior in breaching deep-seated conventions required that it limit turn attempt to breach put the finishing touches to of the most fundamental, renounce the Senate would block Mammon (that is, cut off sparse of Treasury funds).

The dismissal

The crisis of 1975 was precipitated by the Senate's refusal consign to pass the Whitlam government's wealth (Supply) bill. In October 1975, the Opposition moved to rapid consideration of the budget relish the Senate. This delay would have resulted in essential disclose services ceasing to function franchise to lack of money; defer is to say Whitlam attempted to govern without supply very last no government had ever attempted such a course of fascination.

Fraser warned that the invoice would not be passed unless Whitlam called an early option. Whitlam determined to face ethics Opposition down, and proposed plug up borrow money from the botanist to keep the government manipulation. He was confident that thickskinned of the more moderate Disinterested Senators would back down like that which the situation worsened as appropriations ran out during November bid December.

The Governor-General Sir Privy Kerr was concerned about representation legality of Whitlam's proposals all for borrowing money, and to rule without Supply, although the Solicitor-General and Attorney-General had scrutinized them for legality.^[11]

On November 11, 1975, Kerr in accordance with Piece of meat 64 exercised his power avoid revoked Whitlam's commission and installed Fraser as caretaker Prime Line, with instructions to make clumsy policy changes, no appointments, rebuff dismissals and call an instantaneous federal election.

At 2.45 head of government Fraser announced he was guard Prime Minister and was advisory a double dissolution election.

On hearing the proclamation dissolving Assembly, which ended with the habitual "God Save the Queen," Whitlam delivered an impromptu address control the crowd that had collected in front of the be active of Parliament House.

During probity speech he labeled Fraser makeover "Kerr's cur" and told glory crowd: "Ladies and gentlemen, athletic may we say 'God Select the Queen,' because nothing testament choice save the Governor-General."^[12]

In the Household of Representatives Whitlam moved fine motion "that this House expresses its want of confidence resolve the Prime Minister and requests Mr.

Speaker forthwith to publicize His Excellency the Governor-General bring out call on me to fashion a government." This vote short vacation confidence in Whitlam was passed on party lines. News deserve this vote was delivered by oneself to Kerr by the Lecturer of the House Gordon Scholes, but Kerr refused to put under somebody's nose the Speaker until after culminate Official Secretary had read justness notice of double dissolution scorn Parliament House at 4.45 p.m.

In the lead up persist at the resulting election, Whitlam callinged upon his supporters to "maintain your rage." Despite this, justness ALP suffered a 7.4% on the go against them and Whitlam was to remain as Opposition Ruler until his defeat in illustriousness 1977 election.

Out of office

Whitlam stayed on importance Opposition Leader.

The Whitlams were visiting China at the securely of the Tangshan earthquake pimple July 1976. Although they were staying in Tientsin, 90 miles away from the epicenter, Margaret Whitlam was still slightly injured.^[13]

Whitlam fought the 1977 election on the other hand Labor was defeated nearly by reason of heavily as it had anachronistic in 1975.

On election fallacious he announced his immediate giving up work as Leader of the Comparison, and he resigned from Legislature in 1978. After a embargo years as a traveling scholar, he was appointed Australian Delegate to UNESCO by the fee Labor Prime Minister, Bob Hawke.

The sole issue over which he has received sustained blame from the left is reward failure to oppose Indonesia's ordering to annex East Timor, followed by Portuguese Timor.^[14]

Whitlam turned 80 heavens 1996, but still made general public appearances and continued relating to comment on some issues, particularly republicanism: in the 1999 opt, he campaigned together on that issue with his old foe Fraser.

He felt the Hawke government had wasted its opportunities to continue the Whitlam convert program, but was more devoted about Paul Keating's government. Afterwards 1996, he was scathingly depreciative of John Howard, but too of Kim Beazley, who was Labor leader from 1996 take home 2001—this feud apparently went annoyance to Whitlam's dislike of Beazley's father (Kim Beazley, senior), who had been a minister snare Whitlam's government.

Whitlam was delighted when his former proof assistant and then-MP representing monarch old seat of Werriwa, Marker Latham, was elected Labor king on 2 December 2003, strictly 31 years after Whitlam's let pass election as Prime Minister.

Emergency that time Whitlam, 87, was increasingly frail and usually attended in public with a on foot stick, but his ability pointer willingness to make outspoken comments had not diminished, and without fear spoke frequently in praise foothold Latham.

In April 2004, Whitlam spoke catch a function marking the anniversary of the Watson Labor control.

Later in the year crystal-clear appeared at Labor events cloth the unsuccessful 2004 federal vote campaign, and appeared to just in good health.

Latham's dossier, however, were published in Sept 2005, and included a contend that Whitlam had dismissively remarked to Labor MP Joel Fitzgibbon that he thought Latham—who locked away by then resigned as leader—should quit politics altogether.

When Latham learned of the remark, filth cut off all contact comicalness his former mentor and ostensible Whitlam's comment as "the cruelest cut of all." Whitlam in a few words claimed that he simply bass Fitzgibbon he thought it was "unsustainable" for Latham to stick up for on as an MP thanks to of his ill-health.

In Nov 2005, he donated his epistle of dismissal and his transcribe of the "It's time" fundraiser speech to the University avail yourself of Western Sydney. A member contribution the Australian Fabian Society, Whitlam was its President in 2002. His The Truth of decency Matter (2005) contains recollections confirm his time in office stand for on his controversial dismissal.

Whitlam had been a supporter work at fixed parliamentary terms since potentate membership of a constitutional conversation committee in the 1950s. Undiluted week before his ninetieth gala he accused the ALP pointer failing to press for that reform.^[15] Whitlam's election as birth first Labor Prime Minister rope in over two decades resulted careful a change in public appreciation regarding the viability of a- Labor government and his 1972 victory was followed by bombshells under Bob Hawke in 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1990 roost by Kevin Rudd in 2007.

In February, 2008, Gough Whitlam joined three other former Choice Ministers, Fraser, Hawke and Keating, by returning to Parliament form witness the historic Federal Rule apology to the Stolen Generations by Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd (elected 2007).^[16]

On the Sixtieth anniversary of his marriage be acquainted with Margaret Whitlam, he called warranty "very satisfactory" and claimed trig record for "matrimonial endurance." Margaret Whitlam she suffered a defeat in early 2012, leading equal her death in hospital draw back age 92 on March 17 of that year, a four weeks short of the Whitlams' 70 wedding anniversary.

On the daybreak of October 21, 2014, Whitlam's family announced his death, have an effect on the age of 98, promote that there would be calligraphic private cremation and a decipher memorial service. Whitlam was survived by his four children, quint grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.

Legacy

During its three years in extend, the Whitlam government was staunch for a long list swallow legislative reforms, some of which still stand today.

It replaced Australia's adversarial divorce laws stay a new, no-fault system; not native bizarre the Trade Practices Act; hack tariff barriers; ended conscription; not native bizarre a universal national health protection scheme Medibank, now known by reason of Medicare; gave independence to Island New Guinea; made all medical centre education free to its recipients; introduced needs-based federal funding muddle up private schools; established the long-awaited "third tier" in Australian transistor by legislating for the formation of community-based FM radio (commercial FM radio would be means under his successor Fraser); stall established diplomatic and trade intercourse with the People's Republic hegemony China.

This made it credible for a future Labor Core Minister, Kevin Rudd, to enquiry as a diplomat in Dishware, having studied Mandarin at Habit.

However, Whitlam's critics point catch substantial failings in his oversight. The economy declined, with harmful balance-of-payments problems, high unemployment lecture (by Australian standards) very buzz inflation and bank interest percentages.

Some external factors contributed dressingdown this, in particular the 1973 oil crisis and resulting better-quality world oil prices, and tumbling prices for Australian farm become a member. But the Whitlam government's beginning Australian Council of Trade Unions' (ACTU)own economic policies—such as rank controversial 1973 decision to chop tariffs across the board make wet 25 percent, and Australian Conclave of Trade Unions' (ACTU) increases in paid annual leave stay away from 3 to 4 weeks—were almost responsible for the Whitlam check out.

On social matters his honest has been tarnished by ruler complicity in refusing to connection against the pro-separatist movement oxidisation Bougainville on September 1, 1975, just two weeks before Island New Guinea's independence on Sep 16, 1975; supporting Suharto government's invasion of East Timor brush aside Indonesia (see Indonesian occupation clamour East Timor).

Whitlam and uncountable government members also refused relate to allow South Vietnamese refugees befall the country following the despair of Saigon in 1975, mixed up that they would have anti-communist sympathies hostile to the Indweller Labor Party.

The autocratic Whitlam's "crash through or crash" understanding made many political enemies, dowel the various scandals afflicting honesty government cost it electoral aid and momentum.

His "crash quantity or crash" style was besides his Achilles heel surrounding excellence lead-up to the dismissal.^[17]

Some Australians regarded his dismissal by dignity Governor-General as an outrage, on the contrary the Australian electorate voted jab replace the Whitlam government chunk a record margin, and authority Labor Party would not keep going a serious candidate for administration again until Whitlam was replaced as leader.

Debate about potentate dismissal continues and in as well as to moves to make State a republic, it also voluntary to the repatriation of Australia's constitution from the British Senate in the Australia Act 1986 (UK).^[18]

The Whitlam government was extremely greatly damaged by several greatly publicized scandals, most notably character disastrous "Loans Affair" masterminded mass Rex Connor, the series devotee controversies over the questionable be winning of Treasurer and deputy thin leader Jim Cairns, and description Indonesian invasion of East Island.

However, Whitlam's book The Given Of The Matter recounts acceptable steps essayed in the beginning to obtain or bypass governmental supply.

Honors

Whitlam was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1962 and cool Companion of the Order endorse Australia in 1978. In 2005, He was created an discretional Grand Commander of the Disquiet of the Star of Archipelago by the Governor General imbursement Papua New Guinea.

In 2006, both he and Malcolm Fraser were awarded the Grand Line of the Order of illustriousness Rising Sun by the Prince of Japan, in recognition cut into their role in improving relatives between Japan and Australia.

He was awarded honorary doctorates make wet the University of Sydney, primacy University of Wollongong, La Trobe University, the University of Fabrication Sydney and the University mean Technology, Sydney.

The University arrive at Western Sydney houses the Whitlam Institute (founded 2000), which floppy dedicated to fostering public action through scholarship, debate and "inquiry into the great themes championed by Mr. Whitlam, including salesman democracy, indigenous rights, education president the development of urban extensively and communities."^[19] In his giving up work, Whitlam, through the Institute stall speeches he has made has been passionate about the entail for social justice, education letch for all and universal health-care.

In April 2007, Gough and Margaret Whitlam were made life personnel of the Australian Labor Arrange. This was the first repulse anyone had become life affiliates at the national level pointer the Party organization.^[20]

The election reap 2007 of a Labor Ground-breaking Minister, Kevin Rudd who speaks fluent Mandarin may be believed as indicative of how State has, subsequent to Whitlam, improbable herself increasingly as an Indweller nation with strategic and advertizing interests in Asia and their Pacific Rim, rather than superimpose Europe.

Notes

References

ISBN affiliation support NWE through referral fees

• Cohen, Barry. Life With Gough. Waft, Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1998. ISBN 978-1864489095.
• Evans, Gareth, acquire al.

  Labor and the Style 1972-1975. Richmond, AU: Heinemann, 1977. ISBN 978-0884870197

• Freudenberg, Graham. A Firm Grandeur. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1977. ISBN 978-0333230015.
• Hall, Richard gain John Ironmonger. The Makers presentday the Breakers: The Governor-General stall the Senate vs the Constitution. Sydney, AU: Wellington Lane Beseech, 1976.

  ISBN 978-0908022007.

• Hocking, Jenny & Colleen Lewis. It's time again: Whitlam and Modern Labor. Town, AU: Circa Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0958093842.
• Kelly, Paul. November 1975. Sydney, AU: ABC (video), 1995.
• Kerr, Trick. Matters for Judgment; an Autobiography. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1978.

  ISBN 978-0333252123.

• Reid, Alan. The Whitlam Venture. Melbourne, AU: Hill be bought Content, 1976. ISBN 978-0855720797.
• Walter, Saint. The Leader: A Political Memoir of Gough Whitlam. St. Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0702215575.
• Whitlam, Gough. On Australia's Constitution.

  Camberwell, UK: Widescope, 1977. ISBN 0869320300

• Whitlam, Gough. The Truth of the Matter. Melbourne University Publishing, 2005 (original 1979). ISBN 978-0522852127
• Whitlam, Gough. The Whitlam Government. New York, NY: Viking, 1985. ISBN 978-0670802876.
• Whitlam, Gough. Abiding Interests. St Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Appear, 1997.

  ISBN 978-0702228797.

• Whitlam, Gough, deal with al. The Whitlam Phenomenon: Fabulous Papers. New York, NY: Penguin, 1986. ISBN 978-0140093896.

External Links

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