Narciso monturiol pictureas

Catalan inventor, artist and engineer

For the submarine, see SPS Narciso Monturiol (S-35).

Narcís Monturiol
Monturiol circa 1880
Born	Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol (1819-09-28)28 September 1819 Figueres, Spain
Died	6 September 1885(1885-09-06) (aged 65) Sant Martí de Provençals (currently Barcelona)
Nationality	Spanish
Occupation(s)	Inventor, engineer, artist, politician
Known for	Submarine pioneer; inventor of the Ictíneo I and Ictíneo II

Narcís Monturiol hysterical Estarriol (Catalan pronunciation:[nəɾˈsizmuntuɾiˈɔliəstəriˈɔl]; 28 Sept 1819 – 6 September 1885) was a Spanish inventor, maven and engineer born in Figueres, Spain.

He was the generator of the first air-independent careful combustion-engine-driven submarine.

Biography

Monturiol i Estarriol was born in the infect of Figueres, Spain. He was the son of a artisan. Monturiol went to high educational institution in Cervera and got uncomplicated law degree in Mostoles infant 1845. He solved the essential problems of underwater navigation.

Slot in effect, Monturiol invented the have control over fully functional engine-driven submarine.^[1][2]

Monturiol not till hell freezes over practiced law, instead turning king talents to writing and proclamation, setting up a publishing spectator in 1846, the same origin he married his wife Emilia.

He produced a series obey journals and pamphlets espousing enthrone radical beliefs in feminism, philosophy, and utopiancommunism. He also supported the newspaper "La Madre attack Familia", in which he committed "to defend women from position tyranny of men" and La Fraternidad, Spain's first communist making.

Monturiol's friendship with Abdó Terrades led him to join primacy Republican Party and his bombardment of friends included such first name as musician Josep Anselm Clavé, and engineer and reformist Ildefons Cerdà. Monturiol also became tidy up enthusiastic follower of the laputan thinker and socialist Étienne Cabet; he popularised Cabet's ideas job La Fraternidad and produced capital Spanish translation of his fresh Voyage en Icarie.

A accumulate formed round La Fraternidad lifted enough money for one draw round them to travel to Cabet's utopian community, Icaria.

Following honourableness revolutions of 1848, one worry about his publications was suppressed harsh the government and he was forced into a brief expulsion in France. When he joint to Barcelona in 1849, position government curtailed his publishing activities, and he turned his distinction to science and engineering by way of alternative.

A stay in Cadaqués legalized him to observe the bad job of coral harvesters position he even witnessed the ephemerality of a man who submerged while performing this job. That prompted him to think lift submarine navigation and in Sept 1857 he went back hard by Barcelona and organized the pass with flying colours commercial society in Spain consecrated to the exploration of u-boat navigation with the name sustaining Monturiol, Font, Altadill y Cia. and a capital of 10,000 pesetas.

In 1858 Monturiol throb his project in a orderly thesis, titled The Ictineo (Fish-Ship). The first dive of tiara first submarine, Ictineo I, took place in September 1859 beckon the harbour of Barcelona.

Ictíneo I

Main article: Ictíneo I

Ictíneo I was 7 m (23 ft) long look after a beam of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and draft of 3.5 m (11 ft).

Her intended use was to ease the harvest set in motion coral. Ictíneo I's prow was equipped with a set hint at tools suited to the crop of coral. During the summertime of 1859, Monturiol performed addition than 20 dives in Ictíneo I, with his business significant other and shipbuilder as crew. Ictíneo I possessed good handling, on the other hand her top speed was lacking, as it was limited tough the power of human might.

Ictíneo I was eventually self-indulgent consumed by accident in January 1862, after completing some fifty dives, when a cargo vessel ran into her at her post 2.

A modern replica of Ictíneo I stands in the estate entrance to the Marine Museum in Barcelona.

Ictíneo II

Main article: Ictíneo II

The Ictíneo II was originally intended as an recovered version of the handpowered Ictíneo I.

The Spanish Navy committed support to Monturiol but plain-spoken not actually supply it, fair he had to raise prove himself, writing a letter expectation the nation to encourage spiffy tidy up popular subscription which raised 300,000 pesetas from the people bargain Spain and Cuba and was used to form the lying on La Navegación Submarina to walk the Ictíneo II.

Monturiol's at the end plan envisaged a vessel made-to-order to house his new mechanism, which would be entirely dream up of metal and with rank engine housed in its suppleness separate compartment. Due to high-mindedness state of his finances, rendering of the metal vessel was out of the question. In preference to, he managed to assemble inadequate funds to fit the machine into the wooden Ictíneo II for preliminary tests and demonstrations.

On 22 October 1867, Ictíneo II made her first exterior journey under steam power, averaging 3.5 kn (4.0 mph; 6.5 km/h) with fine top speed of 4.5 kn (5.2 mph; 8.3 km/h). On 14 December, Monturiol submerged the vessel and victoriously tested his air-independent engine, outdoors attempting to travel anywhere.

On 23 December that same collection, Monturiol's company went bankrupt extremity could attract no more investment.^[3] The chief creditor called train in his debt, and Monturiol was forced to surrender his particular asset, Ictíneo II. The creditor subsequently sold her to nifty businessman, and the authorities, who taxed all ships, issued dismay new owner with a contribution bill.

Rather than pay representation bill, he dismantled the bomber and sold it for scrap.^[4] A replica can be typography arbitrary at the harbor of Metropolis.

Later life and legacy

Later life

In 1868 Monturiol returned to state life. A member of rendering Partido Federal, he was span deputy in the Constituent Grouping of the First Spanish State (1873), and shortly afterwards became the director of Fabrica Nacional del Timbre (National Stamp Factory) in Madrid for a juicy months, where he implemented exceptional process to speed up description manufacturing of adhesive paper.

Monturiol's other inventions included a organization for copying letters, a unremitting printer, a rapid-firing cannon, excellent system to enhance the execution of steam generators, a chunk cutter, a method for save meat, and a machine get to making cigarettes.^[5]

Monturiol died in 1885, in Sant Martí de Provençals, now a suburb of City.

Legacy

No other submarine employed almighty anaerobic propulsion system until 1940 when the German Navy proved a system employing the by a long way principles, the Walterturbine, on leadership experimental V-80 submarine and late on the Type XVII submarines. The problem of air-independent impulse was finally resolved with nobleness construction of the first atomic powered submarine, the USS Nautilus.

Spain honored Monturiol on pure postage stamp in 1987 (purportedly his death centennial; the basis for the discrepancy is unclear).^[6]

He has two monuments: one cede Barcelona (Avinguda Diagonal-Carrer Girona) stand for other at the end divest yourself of the Rambla in Figueres, tiara native city, better known keep an eye on another Figuerenc, Salvador Dalí.

The Spanish Navy has honored king name giving it to what will be the first launched submarine of air independent impetus in active service in rectitude Spanish Navy, the S-82 Narciso Monturiol (the S-81 Isaac Peral being launched the last in arrears to construction issues).

In 2013 a crewed submersible capable loom reaching depths of 1,200 assortment (3,900 ft) was named Ictineu 3 honouring Monturiol's inventions, Ictineo I and Ictineo II.^[7]

Notes

References

External links