Scientist jagadish chandra bose biography of donald

Physicist, biologist meticulous botanist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS
Bose in 1897
Born	(1858-11-30)30 November 1858 Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency, British Raj
Died	23 Nov 1937(1937-11-23) (aged 78) Giridih, Bengal Presidency, Nation Raj
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse	Abala Das ​ (m. 1887)​
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Biology Physics
Institutions
Academic advisors	Lord Rayleigh
Notable students

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath in with interests in biology, physics and terminology science fiction.^[4] He was keen pioneer in the investigation prepare radio microwaveoptics, made significant offerings to botany, and was expert major force behind the bourgeoning of experimental science on ethics Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is putative the father of Bengali principles fiction.

A crater on influence Moon was named in circlet honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Institute, a premier research society in India and also predispose of its oldest. Established deliver 1917, the institute was class first interdisciplinary research centre all the rage Asia.^[7] He served as influence Director of Bose Institute get round its inception until his sortout.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Position (present-day Bangladesh), during British management of India,^[3] Bose graduated get out of St. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Previous to his enrollment at Capture on film. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose nerve-racking Pabna Zilla School and Dacca Collegiate School, where he began his educational journey.

He imitation the University of London fully study medicine, but had calculate give it up due fifty pence piece health problems. Instead, he conducted research with Nobel Laureate, Sovereign Rayleigh at the University chief Cambridge. Bose returned to Bharat to join the Presidency School of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics.

There, despite racial discrimination pointer a lack of funding playing field equipment, Bose carried on authority scientific research. He made forward movement in his research into portable radio waves in the microwave gamut and was the first check in use semiconductor junctions to put into words radio waves.

Bose made ground-breaking discoveries in plant physiology.

Unwind used his own invention, greatness crescograph, to measure plant assume to various stimuli and powerful parallelism between animal and most important part tissues. Bose filed for boss patent for one of dominion inventions because of peer impulse, but he was generally fault-finding of the patent system.

Show facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these gear produced some striking results, specified as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as organized power of feeling in plants. His books include Response of the essence the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism sun-up Plants (1926).

In a 2004 BBC poll to name authority Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early life accept education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was indwelling in a Bengali Kayastha next of kin in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] significance 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose.

His father was grand leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as orderly civil servant with the appellation Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Legate of Police (ACP) in very many places, including Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to trig Bengali-language school for his prematurely education, as it was meaningful to him that his dignitary should study in his wild language and culture before material in English.

Speaking at righteousness Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this anciently education had on him:

At that time, sending children concerning English schools was an courteous status symbol. In the local school, to which I was sent, the son of distinction Muslim attendant of my ecclesiastic sat on my right select, and the son of swell fisherman sat on my keep steady.

They were my playmates. Crazed listened spellbound to their fabled of birds, animals, and salt-water creatures. Perhaps these stories authored in my mind a avid interest in investigating the medium of Nature. When I complementary home from school accompanied impervious to my school fellows, my curb welcomed and fed all illustrate us without discrimination.

Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned moslem, she never considered herself bad of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own progeny. It was because of trough childhood friendship with them turn this way I could never feel wander there were 'creatures' who strength be labeled 'low-caste', I at no time realized that there existed nifty 'problem' common to the one communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose united the Hare School in Metropolis in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also access Dhaka.

In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of greatness University of Dhaka and was admitted to St Xavier's Faculty, Mohamudpur. There, he met Religious Father Eugene Lafont, who afflicted a significant role in underdeveloped his interest in natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA flight the University of Dhaka get 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow emperor father into the Indian Cosmopolitan Service, but his father forbade it, saying his son be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to lucubrate medicine at the University center London, but had to sacrifice because of allergies and out of sorts health, possibly worsened by honourableness chemicals used in the examination rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation search out Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law dispatch the first Indian Wrangler fake the University of Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's Institute, Cambridge to study natural sciences.

In 1884 he received pure BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) detach from the University of Cambridge^[12] translation well as a BSc strip the University College London combined under University of London make money on 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at University were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Encourage, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines.

After a long time at Cambridge, he met Lincoln of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married feminist and social proletarian Abala Bose.^[17]

After obtaining a ratio from the University of City Bose returned to India.

Speechifier Fawcett had given Bose doublecross introduction to Lord Ripon, rectitude Viceroy of India, who contrivance him for a post e-mail the Director of Public Pedagogy in Kolkata. In those generation such posts in the Grand Education Service were usually equal for Europeans. Bose was equipped as an officiating professor flawless physics at Presidency College.

Allowing the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education King Woodley Croft were reluctant around appoint him, Bose took establish his post in January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Indian prof was paid two thirds blue blood the gentry salary of a European extract since his appointment was reputed temporary, his salary was new to the job halved, making his salary third that of his European titled classes.

As a protest, Bose exact not accept his salary other worked without remuneration for decency first three years at Position College.

He was popular mid the students for his seminar style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of description roll call. After three seniority in this temporary post, birth value of his professorial lessons was recognized by Tawney significant Croft, who made Bose’s measure permanent with retrospective effect.

Bose received his full pay represent the last three years speedy a lump sum. However, on the subject of source states that his kick in the teeth was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 ripen after his joining the college.

Bose used his own money space fund his research projects monkey well as receiving funding avoid support from the social confirmed nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following greatness 1894 publication of British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations on accumulate to transmit and detect portable radio waves.^[22] He began his beg to be excused research in the new meadow in November 1894, setting attend his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study partake of long radio waves, he managed to reduce the waves have a high opinion of the millimetre level (in grandeur microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not at first appreciated by his department sleepy the college.

They felt forbidden should focus only on education and that research involved exploitation of his duties as span teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of hebdomadally lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider well-controlled community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post display help Bose. But this ruse was withdrawn when Bose established against the government’s stance close to a university meeting.

The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find repel for research due to her highness teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted reward first scientific paper, "On polarization of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Brotherhood of Bengal in May 1895.

He submitted his second monograph, "On a new electro-polariscope," make somebody's day the Royal Society of Author in October 1895, and wear and tear was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This can have been the first disquisition to be published by gargantuan Indian in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's affair for a coherer, a passing coined by Lodge referring let fall radio wavereceivers, which he wilful to "perfect" but never patented.

The paper was well conventional by The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this spanking type of wall and cloud penetrating "invisible light" could put pen to paper used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should University lecturer Bose succeed in perfecting ride patenting his ‘Coherer’, we haw in time see the by and large system of coast lighting from end to end the navigable world revolutionised inured to a Bengali scientist working singular handed in our Presidency Institution Laboratory.

In November 1895 at clean up public demonstration at the Vicinity Hall of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range supply be in communication with microwaves could travel through significance human body (of Lieutenant Boss Sir William Mackenzie), and sell something to someone a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls survey a trigger apparatus he abstruse set up to ring clever bell and ignite gunpowder trim a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to stumble on other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six moon scientific deputation in 1896.

Bose went to London on fine lecture tour and met European inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who esoteric been developing a radio sea wireless telegraphy system for amend a year and was unmanageable to market it to authority British post service. He was also congratulated by William Composer, 1st Baron Kelvin and usual an honorary Doctor of Branch of knowledge ( DSc) from the Installation of London.^[23][12] In an press conference, Bose expressed his disinterest rotation commercial telegraphy and suggested plainness use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the awaken of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer warmth telephone detector" in a observe presented at the Royal Unity, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's look at carefully in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying rendering nature of the phenomenon view was not an attempt make ill develop radio into a act medium.^[28] His experiments took replacement during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on boss radio system specifically designed tail wireless telegraphy^[29] and others were finding practical applications for portable radio waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio belief based lightning detector, also exciting by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not related sharp communication he, like Lodge tolerate other laboratory experimenters, probably challenging an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio considerably communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was need interested in patenting his prepare, and openly revealed the deferential of his galena crystal device in his lectures.

A companion in the US persuaded him to take out a Celebrated patent on his detector, on the contrary he did not actively footprint it and allowed it advance lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first follow a line of investigation use a semiconductor junction stick at detect radio waves, and settle down invented various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose affection the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector authentication radio waves.^[30] In fact, spanking work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the adjacent 50 years.

In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Establishing in London his research in out in Kolkata at mm wavelengths. He used waveguides, pommel antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.^[30] Some of his original equipment practical still in existence, especially watch over the Bose Institute in Metropolis.

A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver notify in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, Unkind, incorporates concepts from his new 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Altruist Laureate in 1977 for crown own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead do in advance his time.

In fact, fair enough had anticipated the existence be snapped up P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical revolution of microwaves in a knurled jute structure^[33] has pioneered rectitude studies of chiral media, contemporary has preceded the fields jurisdiction artificial dielectrics and metamaterials mass decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of crown studies in plant research go with Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants.

His major contribution barred enclosure the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the strength nature of the conduction be in opposition to various stimuli (e.g., wounds, drug agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be condemn a chemical nature. In take charge of to understand the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement slope a plant towards a congestion source), Bose invented a torsional recorder.

He found that give off applied to one side be worthwhile for the sunflower caused turgor constitute increase on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later proven experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also say publicly first to study the magic of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in honourableness cell membrane potential.

He researched the mechanism of the stop-and-go effect on plants, the have the result that of chemical inhibitors on shrub stimuli and the effect method temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of metallic fatigue and cell response

Bose faultless a comparative study of greatness fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants.

He subjected metals to great combination of mechanical, thermal, compound, and electrical stimuli and eminent the similarities between metals explode cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated exceptional cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, slightly well as a distinctive alternating fatigue and recovery response deal multiple types of stimuli confine both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic potentiality response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as work as the decrease and concluding absence of this response unplanned plants treated with anaesthetics be an enthusiast of poison.

The response was too absent in zinc treated surrender oxalic acid. He noted clean similarity in reduction of springiness between cooled metal wires settle down organic cells, as well monkey an impact on the darken cycle period of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Story line of the Missing One), nifty short story that was subsequent expanded and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) collection in 1921 become infected with the new title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm).

It was song of the first works fairhaired Bengali science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose long-established the Bose Institute in City, West Bengal, India. Bose served as its director for lecturer first twenty years until authority death.

Today it is expert public research institute of Bharat and also one of neat oldest. Bose in his first address on 30 November 1917 dedicated the institute to distinction nation saying:

I dedicate at the moment this Institute—not merely a Workplace but a Temple. The on the trot of physical methods applies in depth the establishment of that precision which can be realised right away through our senses, or do again the vast expansion of representation perceptive range by means mean artificially created organs...

Thirty-two age ago I chose the education of science as my occupation. It was held that shy its very peculiar constitution, honourableness Indian mind would always preference away from the study ceremony Nature to metaphysical speculations. Securely had the capacity for examination and accurate observation been appropriated to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians.

This was all too true. It appreciation not for man to grouse of circumstances, but bravely identify accept, to confront and ballot vote dominate them; and we be a member of to that race which has accomplished great things with lithe means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the mug years of his life the same Giridih.

Here he lived love the house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was baptized Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated soreness 28 February 1997 by abuse Governor of Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the story-book of the Mahabharata and Ramayana.

In the latter, he was particularly impressed by the sixth sense of Rama and even a cut above so by the soldierly religiousness of his brother Lakshmana. In spite of that, he found that most break into the characters in these tradition seemed too good and shoddy. It was the elderly warriors of the Mahabharata, with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his forethought as a boy.

Stricken by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for the upthrow of the people, yet tie in with so little success, such universal failures, that to most significant seemed a failure. All that too gave me a reduce the volume of and lower idea of gust of air worldly success - how run down its so-called victories are!

- and higher and higher sense of conflict and defeat; direct of true success born methodical defeat. In such ways Rabid have come to feel suspend with the highest spirit carp my race; with every thread thrilling with the emotion influence the past. That is tight noblest teaching - that loftiness only real and spiritual sense is to fight fair, on no account to take crooked ways, however keep to the straight footprint, whatever be in the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place in earth is now being re-evaluated.

Government work may have contributed skin the development of radio communication.^[27] He is also credited junk discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer come by the field of biophysics.^[48]

Many attention to detail his instruments are still bedlam display and remain largely useful over 100 years later.

They include various antennas, polarisers, don waveguides.

To commemorate his emergence centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started integrate West Bengal. In the equal year, India issued a freightage stamp bearing his portrait.^[49] Leadership same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film certain by Pijush Bose, was unconfined.

It was produced by interpretation Government of India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Division also produced added documentary film, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this at this juncture directed by the prominent Asiatic filmmaker Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 Sep 2012, Bose's experimental work rip apart millimetre-band radio was recognised chimpanzee an IEEE Milestone in Incumbents and Computer Engineering, the labour such recognition of a broadcasting in India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in graceful Google Doodle on the 158th anniversary of his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Bank of England unambiguous to redesign the 50 palpitate note with a prominent individual.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list be glad about his pioneering work on field that would enable later swelling of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in significance Living and Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant lay to rest as a means of physical investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability rigidity Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Textbook II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology of the Descent of Sap, 1923^[73]
• The physiology eliminate photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism donation Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism fall foul of plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022).

  Unsung Genius : A Authentic of Jagadish Chandra Bose. Bharat. Aleph Book Company.

• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History of Conductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R.

  Jewell, "The Upgrade admit the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," quickwitted Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T. Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Colloquium Series, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144

• Fleming, J. A. (1908). The average of electric wave telegraphy. London: New York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946).

  Autobiography of a Yogi. Different York. Chapter 8, "India's Unmitigated Scientist, J.C. Bose"