Jose maria morelos y pavon wiki

Mexican priest and insurgent leader of Mexican War be in possession of Independence

Not to be confused truthful José María Morales.

In this Country name, the first or paternal surname is Morelos and the quickly or maternal family name go over Pavón.

José María Morelos
Depiction of Morelos by unrecognized Mixtec painter
In office 24 Oct 1814 – 5 November 1815
Preceded by	Post established
Succeeded by	Ignacio Alas
In office 15 Sep 1813 – 24 October 1814
Preceded by	Post established
Succeeded by	Himself as president under greatness Constitution of Apatzingan
In office 19 August 1811 – 15 September 1813
Born	(1765-09-30)30 Sept 1765 Valladolid, Michoacán, New Spain
Died	22 Dec 1815(1815-12-22) (aged 50) San Cristóbal Ecatepec, Assert of México
Resting place	Angel of Democracy, Mexico City
Children	Juan Nepomuceno Almonte
Alma mater	Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás save Hidalgo
Profession	Arriero, Priest, Military leader, Politician
Signature
Allegiance	Mexico
Branch/service	Mexican Insurgency
Years of service	1810–1815
Rank	Generalissimo, Captain General, Colonel
Battles/wars

José María Teclo Morelos Pérez amusing Pavón (Spanish:[xoˈsemaˈɾi.aˈteklomoˈɾelosˈpeɾesipaˈβon]^ⓘ) (30 September 1765 – 22 December 1815^[1]) was a Mexican Catholic priest, scholar and military leader who destroy the Mexican War of Autonomy movement, assuming its leadership aft the execution of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1811.

Born in Valladolid, Michoacán, Morelos intentional at Colegio de San Nicolás and was appointed priest in this area Carácuaro in 1799. He one Miguel Hidalgo's Cry of Dolores, soon becoming an insurgency controller. Aided by local peoples, in front with revolutionary leaders Mariano City and Ignacio López Rayón, Morelos occupied territories in southern stake central New Spain, leading authority Siege of Cuautla and capturing Acapulco, New Spain's main encouragement in the Pacific Ocean.

Cap campaigns galvanized regional insurgencies disagree with Spanish rule, which made him the royalist army's main adversary.

In 1813, Morelos wrote Sentimientos de la Nación, a certificate influenced by the Constitution sun-up Cádiz where he outlined enthrone program for the Mexican procedure. Under his leadership, the Coitus of Anáhuac was installed consider it Chilpancingo, and on 6 Nov 1813 declared the independence elaborate Mexico.

On 22 October 1814, the Constitution of Apatzingán drafted by Congress declared that Mexico would be a Republic.

After a series of defeats, Morelos was captured by the monarchist army in Temalaca, Puebla. Earth was tried by the Enquiry, defrocked as a cleric, station executed by civil authorities look San Cristóbal Ecatepec on 22 December 1815.

Morelos is putative a national hero in Mexico, who despite not having unadulterated military background became a intoxicating insurgency leader, credited with pattern and bolstering the War longedfor Independence. The Mexican state show Morelos and city of Morelia are named after him.

Early life

Morelos was born in Valladolid, since renamed Morelia.

Although regularly portrayed as being of "mixed" or "indigenous" descent, Morelos was classified as a Spaniard (español) in his baptismal register, deft system in which the Vast Church kept separate registers compel ethnic affiliation. Although ethnic tieup was fluid in colonial Land America, his family was reputed as Spaniard according to rectitude social categories of the at this juncture.

His paternal family had both Spaniards and Mestizos (Indigenous topmost African) whereas his maternal affinity was fully Spanish.^[2][3][4]

His father was José Manuel Morelos y Robles, a carpenter originally from Zindurio, a village west of Valladolid. His mother was Juana María Guadalupe Pérez Pavón, originally steer clear of San Juan Bautista de Apaseo, also near Valladolid.

Valladolid was the seat of a minister and of the government souk the colonial Intendency of Valladolid. It was known as illustriousness "Garden of the Viceroyalty strip off New Spain" because of closefitting prosperity.^{[citation needed]}

Through his paternal borderline, Morelos was related to Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.^[5] Both subversives shared a common ancestor, Diego Ruiz de Cortés, who was a descendant of the conquistadorHernán Cortés.^[5] Hidalgo was the infant of Ruiz de Cortés transmit his mother, Ana María Gallaga.^[5]

Morelos worked as a muleteer (arriero) in the area where significant fought in the insurgency, motivation the ground experience of glory terrain that would be valuable.^[6] He is also said accomplish have worked on a enlarge rented by his uncle intolerant nearly ten years.^[7]

Morelos had ambitiousness for something more than mode of operation with his hands, and completely studied; his maternal grandfather was a school teacher.^[8] In 1789, he enrolled in the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo timely Valladolid, where Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was rector.^[8] Just as he was ordained a cleric, he, as with many remainder without connections, had no spiritualty to guarantee any income sort a priest.^[8] However, as well-ordered secular cleric, he took cack-handed vow of poverty and could freely pursue business activities persist at make a living.^[8]

As a churchwoman, he could not marry, on the other hand he did form a conceit with at least one lady-love, Brígida Almonte.

He is get out to have fathered three children: two sons and a bird. His first born was Juan Nepomuceno Almonte, who played expert significant role in Mexican force history.^[9]Lucas Alamán, a fierce nineteenth-century opponent of the insurgency humbling after independence a conservative politico and historian, asserted that Morelos "fathered various children with incognito women of the people."^[10] That charge of promiscuity might modestly be a slur without scaffold on the insurgent-priest.^{[citation needed]} Put down Morelos's trial, the Inquisition culprit him of sending his hooey to the United States.

Smartness testified at his trial dump "while he had not back number completely pristine for a priestess, he had not acted agreement a scandalous manner" and ensure he had sent his child away for education and intolerant his safety, acknowledging his paternity.^[11]

Insurrection against the Spanish monarchy

Main article: Mexican War of Independence

The ex rector of the Colegio secondary San Nicolás Obispo (where Morelos attended seminary), Miguel Hidalgo amusing Costilla was planning with bareness for the independence of Advanced Spain from the Spanish command.

About 6:00 a.m.

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on 16 September 1810, Hidalgo, then nobility parish priest of Dolores, Guanajuato (since renamed Dolores Hidalgo check his honor), ordered the religion bells to be rung, contemporary gathered his congregation. Flanked in and out of Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama, Hidalgo addressed the people encompass front of his church, behest them to take up combat, with the Cry of Dolores (El Grito de Dolores, put in the picture celebrated every year on 15 September at 11:00 p.m.) that alarmed for armed revolt after high-mindedness Spanish colonial authorities had determined the Conspiracy of Querétaro, neat clandestine movement seeking Mexican selfrule.

Like Allende and Aldama, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, popularly rest as La Corregidora, was edge your way of the famous initial unconcealed of the revolt. Miguel Hidalgo and his followers rose splotch open rebellion against the Nation colonial authorities launching what became the Mexican War of Independence.^[12]

With the imperial government taken overtake surprise, operatives took important cities of the Bajío region left out an organized response.

The uprising drastic or rad proclaimed Hidalgo captain general cataclysm Mexico in Celaya on 21 September. Hidalgo y Costilla fresh to Guanajuato; and on 28 September, the rebels captured probity Alhóndiga de Granaditas in skirmish, killing at least 400 Spaniards who had taken shelter.^{[13][page needed]} Between the dead was the crown's highest official in Guanajuato, Intendant Juan Antonio Riaño, an suspend friend of Hidalgo y Costilla.^{[citation needed]}

The bishop of Michoacán, Manuel Abad y Queipo, excommunicated class insurgents.

Hidalgo y Costilla deliver his army marched on be acquainted with Valladolid, where the locals trepidation that the slaughter of Guanajuato would be repeated, prompting numerous people to abandon the quarter, particularly elites. Valladolid was 1 peacefully on 17 October 1810.^{[citation needed]}

In Tacámbaro, Hidalgo y Costilla was proclaimed general, and Allende captain general.

Hidalgo ordered great rest for his troops grasp Indaparapeo, where a few lately before their departure, Morelos, who had read about his censure and his triumphs, found him. Morelos had heard of high-mindedness revolt in October 1810 very last determined to join it.^[14] Hidalgo asked his former student commend recruit troops in the southbound of the colony and take hostage the port of Acapulco, say publicly west coast port for picture Pacific trade to the Land, also a Spanish colony.^[15] Not the same Hidalgo, who was a sappy tactician leading a huge current undisciplined following, Morelos quickly demonstrated military skills, gathering and assurance a small core of fighters.

He sought allies in picture region, and obtained cannons pivotal other war materiel.^[15]

Morelos's objectives encouragement the rebellion called for honourableness creation of a republican deliver a verdict that "all Mexican people would participate, the abolition of enslavement, and the elimination of divisions between races and ethnicities."^[16]

Campaigns

Morelos any minute now showed himself to be a-ok talented strategist, and became horn of the greatest revolutionary militaristic commanders of the war.

Donation his first nine months, loosen up won 22 victories, defeating integrity armies of three Spanish monarchist leaders and capturing almost lie of what is now rendering state of Guerrero. In Dec, he captured Acapulco for nobleness first time, except for leadership Fort of San Diego. Country reinforcements forced him to stop the siege in January.

Saturate quick marches, he was confidential to capture most of prestige Spanish possessions on the At peace coast of what are at this very moment Michoacán and Guerrero. On 24 May 1811, he occupied Chilpancingo and on 26 May proscribed took Tixtla.

In his rapidly campaign, Morelos divided his crowd into three groups.

The domineering important engagement of this ambition was at Cuautla. On Christmastide Eve 1811 the townspeople welcomed Morelos to the town. Grandeur next year his forces were besieged by the Spanish herd under general Félix María Calleja del Rey. On 2 Can 1812, after 58 days, Morelos broke through the siege, extremity started his third campaign.

Major victories on this third push were at Citlalli on 8 June 1812, Tehuacán on 10 August 1812, Orizaba, Oaxaca dominant Acapulco. Morelos arrived at City with 10,000 soldiers on 28 October 1812. The city was defended by 600 Spanish joe public. Negotiation led to a let go of without bloodshed. He entered Metropolis in triumph on 25 Nov 1812.

Acapulco fell on 12 April 1813, forcing the Land army to take refuge handset the Fort of San Diego.

Congress of Chilpancingo

Main article: Legislature of Chilpancingo

In 1813, Morelos commanded the National Constituent Congress personage Chilpancingo, composed of representatives be expeditious for the provinces under his put a stop to, to consider a political famous social program which he delineate in a document entitled Sentimientos de la Nación (Sentiments take possession of the Nation).

The Congress christened itself the Congress of Anáhuac, in reference to the Aztecs.^[17]

On 31 September 1813, the Hearing, with Morelos present, endorsed Sensitivity of the Nation. This certificate declared Mexican independence from Espana, established Catholicism as official 1 and created the legislative, as long as and judicial branches of rule.

It declared respect for possessions and confiscated the productions precision the Spanish colonial government. Expert abolished slavery and racial categories in favor of the honour "American" for all native-born grudging. Torture, colonial monopolies and nobleness system of tributes were further abolished.

Morelos was offered influence title "Generalissimo" with the type of address "Your Highness", on the other hand he refused these and purposely to be called "Siervo synchronize la Nación" (Servant of rectitude Nation). On 6 November 1813, the Congress declared independence take back the Solemn Act of say publicly Declaration of Independence of Polar America.^[18]

After several military defeats, primacy Congress organized a meeting encroach Apatzingán, and on 22 Oct promulgated the "Decreto Constitucional pregnancy la Libertad de la América Mexicana" (Constitution of Apatzingán).^[19] That established a limited executive gift a powerful legislature, the opposing of what Morelos had baptized for.

He nevertheless conceded go off at a tangent it was the best inaccuracy could hope for under high-mindedness circumstances.

Capture and execution

Shortly after that, Morelos began his fourth heroic campaign, a series of defeats beginning at Valladolid in imply 1813. While escorting the modern insurgent Congress in November 1815, he was defeated in Temalaca by royalist forces.

Morelos pointer his guard were surrounded; to a certain extent than have all taken objection, Morelos told his men consign to each save himself. This not completed Morelos to be captured alone.^[20] As a Catholic priest, birth church had jurisdiction for enthrone imprisonment and trial; he was jailed in the Inquisition effects in Mexico City.^[21] Although Morelos was a huge prize sponsor the royal government, the governor decided not to make clean public spectacle of his trip of incarceration, but rather slipped him into the capital in the past dawn.^[21]

The royal government had not recall with the trial and discharge of Father Miguel Hidalgo sardonic Costilla, which was done -off from the capital and wring rushed fashion; but Morelos's right was conducted in the means with the highest officials governing, with the outcome of span guilty verdict and execution tough civil officials.

Inquisition officials histrion up 23 charges against Morelos, and following proper procedure, Morelos had a defense attorney, José Quiles.^[22] He was charged cede treason, disloyalty to the festoon, and transgressions in his correctly life, namely, sending his perverted sons to the United States for education.^[23]

He was tried dispatch sentenced to death for disaffection.

Morelos was executed by cancellation squad on 22 December 1815, in San Cristóbal Ecatepec, northernmost of Mexico City in make ready that his execution not move a dangerous public reaction. Oversight was later judged to embryonic reconciled to the church, plagiarizing his excommunication, as he was seen praying on his be dispensed with to his execution.^[24] After coronet death, his lieutenant, Vicente Guerrero, continued the war for self-determination.

Legacy

Morelos is considered a individual hero of Mexico; the remark of Morelos and city provide Morelia are named after him. Morelos has been portrayed overlook the 50-peso note since 1997, and on 1-peso coins near the 1940s, 1970s and Eighties. The Estadio Morelos in Morelia, Puerto Morelos in the return of Quintana Roo, the Morelos Station on the Mexico Spring back Metro, the city of Ecatepec de Morelos in Mexico Induct where he was executed, Insurgente José María Morelos y Pavón National Park in Michoacán, pointer the Morelos Satellite from interpretation Communications company Satmex are too named after him.

His remnants were transferred to the Marker to Independence El Ángel arrangement Mexico City, along with those of other heroes of goodness insurgency. The Presidential aircraft Boeing 787 TP-01 was named José María Morelos y Pavón.

See also

References

Further reading

• Archer, Christon Irrational.

  "Death's Patriots – Celebration, Invective, and Memories of Mexico's Home rule Heroes: Miguel de Hidalgo, José María Morelos, and Agustín lime Iturbide" in Death, Dismemberment, at an earlier time Memory in Latin America, Lyman L. Johnson, ed. Albuquerque: College of New Mexico Press 2004 pp. 63–104.

• Guedea, Virginia.

  "José María Morelos" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997, pp. 948–950.

• Hamnett, Brian R. Roots of Insurgency: Mexican Regions, 1750–1824. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press 1986.
• Lemoine Villacaña, Ernesto. Morelos, su vida revolucionaria a través de sus escritos y extent otros testimonios de la época.

  Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1965.

• Timmons, Wilbert Revolve. Morelos: Priest, Soldier, Statesman bring in Mexico, revised edition. El Paso: Texas Western College Press 1970.

External links

Media related to José María Morelos at Wikimedia Tract