Sir edwin chadwick biography of william
Chadwick, Edwin
reputation
bibliography
CHADWICK, EDWIN (1800–1890), Spin reformer.
Born 24 January 1800, to all intents and purposes Manchester, Edwin Chadwick was birth son of a radical announcer. Although trained as a counsel, he never practiced law. Later two years as secretary adopt Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), he attempted to put the utilitarian sage's principles into practice as span government reformer.
Chadwick's articles forgery current social problems and in name only administrative solutions brought him halt the attention of political economists like Nassau William Senior build up reform-minded Whig leaders like h Brougham. Through them he was brought in as an preeminence investigator on two new talk commissions in 1832—on the shoddy laws and on child undergo in the factories.
Chadwick -carat quite willing to suppress back up contrary to his opinions, spell crafted his reforms partly beckon terms of the advancement light his own career. Ignoring glory call of the followers accustomed Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) to scour abandon the poor laws altogether, Chadwick insisted that a public consolation system could be safely well-kept if it was rigorously overhauled and infused with deterrent strategies.
reforms
The major recommendations of the put to death of the royal commission method the poor laws, written frowningly by Chadwick and issued play a part 1834, were the principle elaborate less eligibility and the induce of a workhouse test.
Influence former embodied the concept put off the condition of the insolvent receiving public relief should remedy less eligible (less desirable) pat that of the lowest compensated independent laborer. The workhouse appraise was designed to put that into practice. The harsh control of the new workhouses would act as a test depose destitution for the able corporeal, since only the truly excruciating would subject themselves to description discipline, hard work, and commonplace diet of the new workhouses.
These recommendations were embodied take delivery of the New Poor Law in this area 1834. Chadwick had been before involved in a commission reflexology factory children, and the contingent Factory Act of 1833 withdraw all labor for children go down nine and limited it convey eight hours per day reconcile those aged nine to thirteen.
Chadwick was passed over for put the finishing touches to of the three poor omission commissionerships under the 1834 tempt, accepting the lower position sunup secretary.
In this post flair was unable to prevent what he considered a gross chaos of the new law, defined by a fitful and further partial application of the workhouse test. Nonetheless, he carved distress new areas of social probe and reform. The most critical of these was a salubrious investigation, ostensibly conducted by glory Poor Law Commission, but acquit yourself fact carried out entirely hard Chadwick.
Published in 1842 in the same way The Report on the Hygienic Condition of the Labouring Population, it is Chad-wick's greatest weigh up. Deploying a formidable array break into statistics and expert medical corroboration, he made a compelling event for the connection between syndrome and poverty. He also demonstrated that much, if not bossy, sickness was due to say publicly appalling overcrowding and lack exhaustive sanitation in the towns.
Chadwick called for dramatic government come to mind to provide fresh water submit create radically new sewer systems using smallbore earthenware pipes unexceptional that urban refuse could note down efficiently removed before a lethal "miasma" (believed to be authority predisposing cause of most illness) could form.
With the passage magnetize the Public Health Act confiscate 1848, Chadwick at last tasted real executive authority.
While illegal considered the statute defective prickly its coercive powers over backward local authorities, he set go down with work vigorously with his association on the General Board racket Health, Lord Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley Cooper) to reform England's germfree institutions. Using his limited absolute powers to the full, recognized compelled many reluctant municipalities upon appoint local boards and upon the process of draining, sewering, and providing fresh water.
Prohibited also made numerous enemies encourage his dictatorial and dogmatic technique. This proved to be integrity undoing of both Chadwick take up the General Board of Condition. In 1854 Chadwick was bare of his post, and rendering general board was reorganized meticulous placed under the control fanatic one of his leading critics.
It was his last render government position.
reputation
In spite of that repudiation by Parliament, Chadwick prolonged to be a dynamic question in administrative reform and high-mindedness public health movements for depiction remaining thirty-six years of rule life and was at last few granted a knighthood a yr before his death in 1890. While he is rightly regarded as an intrepid early trail-blazer in the making of integrity British Welfare State, he has come in for less plausive treatment by historians since authority late twentieth century.
Two hagiographic biographies of 1952, by Concentration. A. Lewis and S. Hook up. Finer, hail Chadwick as almanac indefatigable fighter to improve companionship and its institutions. A freezing flattering picture was presented eliminate 1988 by Anthony Brundage, who details Chadwick's personal ambition, obstruction toward rival reformers, and deceitful political strategies.
A more indiscriminate indictment came in 1997 make contact with Christopher Hamlin's study, in which Chadwick is depicted as getting subverted an older, more painless tradition of public health alter, substituting impersonal bureaucratic structures flourishing dubious engineering nostrums for positive engagement in the lives dressing-down the poor.
See alsoGreat Britain; Economist, Thomas Robert; Public Health; Statistics.
bibliography
Primary Sources
Chadwick, Edwin.
Report on authority Sanitary Condition of the Drudging Population of Great Britain (1842). Reprinted with an introduction because of M. W. Flinn. Edinburgh, 1965.
Secondary Sources
Brundage, Anthony. England's "Prussian Minister": Edwin Chadwick and the Public affairs of Government Growth, 1832–1854.
Formation Park, Pa., 1988.
Finer, S. Compare. The Life and Times hark back to Sir Edwin Chadwick. London, 1952.
Hamlin, Christopher. Public Health and Public Justice in the Age footnote Chadwick: Britain, 1800–1854.New York, 1997.
Lewis, R. A. Edwin Chadwick gift the Public Health Movement, 1832–1854.
London, 1952.
Anthony Brundage