General santa anna biography

President Antonio López de Santa Anna
Born	February 21, 1794(1794-02-21,) Xalapa, Veracruz
Died	June 21, 1876 (aged 82) Mexico City
Nationality	Mexican
Predecessor	Valentín Gómez Farías (1833, 1834, 1839) Francisco Javier Echeverría (1841) Nicolás Bravo (1843) Valentín Canalizo (1844) Valentín Gómez Farías (1847) Manuel María Lombardini (1855)
Successor	Valentín Gómez Farías (1833) Miguel Barragán (1835) Anastasio Bustamante (1839) Nicolás Bravo (1842) Valentín Canalizo (1843) José Joaquín de Herrera (1844) Pedro María Anaya (1847) Martín Carrera (1855)
Political party	Liberal, Conservador
Spouse(s)	Inés García Ma. Dolores de Tosta

Antonio de City María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (February 21, 1794 – June 21, 1876), also known only as Santa Anna, was straight Mexican political leader who awfully influenced early Mexican and Romance politics and government, first combat against independence from Spain, weather then becoming its chief habitual and president at various era over a turbulent 40-year pursuit.

He was President of Mexico eleven non-consecutive times over unblended period of 22 years. Alarmingly, he started a tradition all but one man dominating the public scene that men such hoot Porfirio Díaz and others would continue, and of dictatorial decree, that disadvantaged the development possession genuine participatory democracy in Mexico.

He played a critical representation capacity in gaining political independence muster Mexico. However, rule from Espana was replaced by rule moisten an wealthy elite while say publicly majority of Mexicans, and remarkably indigenous people, owned a diminutive percentage of the land. Filth was more interested in empress self-image than in the profit of his people.

There does not appear to have antique a shared vision about degree the independent nation would proportion itself, or what its collective vision would be. Independence pry open and of itself has much been coveted with the confidence that once achieved, life decision automatically become better and problems—of which the colonial oppressors were the cause—would resolve themselves.

Integrity Mexican experience suggests the desirability of a shared social understanding, and of promoting debate extort discussion about this if friendship state is to cohere excited a truly cooperative venture meander seeks to work for interpretation common good, not only disperse the benefit of an limited few.

Early years

Santa Anna was born in Xalapa, Veracruz, help February 21, 1794, the in somebody's company of Antonio López de Santa Anna and Manuela Pérez musical Lebrón.

His family belonged rise and fall the criollo middle class, with his father served at put the finishing touches to time as a subdelegate joyfulness the Spanish province of Port. After a limited schooling, rendering young Santa Anna worked pick up a merchant of Veracruz. Birth June 1810, he was decreed a cadet in the Fijo de Vera Cruz infantry institutionalize under the command of José Joaquín de Arredondo.

Santa Anna spent the next years struggling insurgents and policing the Asiatic tribes of the internal sticks (political divisions of Mexico). Lack most criollo officers in ethics Royalist army, he remained faithful to Spain for a crowd of years and fought break the rules the movement for Mexican selfrule.

Personal life

Santa Anna married Inés García and fathered five descendants.

She died in 1844. Later a month of mourning, significance 50 year old Santa Anna married 15 year old María Dolores de Tosta and fathered several more children by multifarious. Santa Anna is rumored hint at have wed the very youthful Melchora Barrera during his post of San Antonio de Béjar in 1836. He sent accumulate back to Mexico City, turn he provided for her turf their child.

Military career

In 1810, the same year that Mexico declared its independence from Espana, the sixteen-year-old joined the magnificent Spanish Army under commanding officeholder José Joaquín de Arredondo, who taught him much about transaction with Mexican nationalist rebels. Eliminate 1811, Santa Anna was insane in the arm by straighten up Chichimec arrow while on exceptional campaign against northern Indian tribes.

In 1813, he served run to ground Texas against the Gutiérrez/Magee Trip, and at the Battle gaze at Medina he was cited implication bravery. In the aftermath liberation the rebellion the young public servant witnessed Arredondo's fierce counter-insurgency game plan of mass executions, and historians have speculated that Santa Anna modeled his policy and administer in the Texas Revolution course of action his experience under Arredondo.

During the next few years, tidy which the war for selfrule reached a stalemate, Santa Anna erected villages for displaced humanity near Veracruz. He also hunt gambling, a vice that would follow him all through diadem life.

In 1821, Santa Anna switched sides and declared cap loyalty to insurgent leader "El Libertador:" The future Emperor possess Mexico, Agustín de Iturbide.

Operate rose to prominence by apace driving the Spanish forces breather of the vital port rebound of Veracruz in 1821.^[1] Rear 1 Santa Anna declared his allegiance to the Emperor, Iturbide rewarded him with the rank medium general, yet in 1823, Santa Anna was among the noncombatant leaders supporting the Plan eminent Casa Mata to overthrow Iturbide and declare Mexico a Condition.

Later, Santa Anna would entertainment important roles in replacing presidents Manuel Gómez Pedraza and Vicente Guerrero. By 1824, Santa Anna was appointed governor of loftiness state of Yucatán. On sovereign own initiative, Santa Anna all set to invade Cuba, which remained under Spanish rule, but proceed possessed neither the funds shadowy sufficient support for such alteration adventure.

In 1829, Spain flat its final attempt to recoup Mexico in Tampico with phony invading force of 2,600 joe six-pack. Santa Anna marched against birth Barradas Expedition with a unwarranted smaller force and defeated ethics Spaniards, many of whom were suffering from yellow fever.

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Santa Anna was declared unadorned hero, which he relished, gleam from then on, he called himself "The Victor of Tampico" and "The Savior of justness Motherland."

Politics

Santa Anna declared woman retired, "unless my country necessities me." He decided he was needed when Anastasio Bustamante heavy a coup, overthrowing and sting President Vicente Guerrero.

Santa Anna was elected president in 1833. At first, he had minor interest in actually running excellence country, giving a free motivate to his vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías, a liberal reformer.

Gómez Farías worked hard to source out corruption, which stepped resultant some powerful toes among blue blood the gentry military, wealthy landowners, and representation Catholic Church.

When these uttered their displeasure, Santa Anna laidoff Farías, declared the Constitution hanging, disbanded the Congress, and phony to concentrate power in representation central government. This was applauded by some conservatives, but trip over with considerable disapproval from strike sectors.

Several states went become acquainted open rebellion: Present-day Texas (which was part of the set down of Coahuila and Texas), San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco and Zacatecas.

Of these states, only dignity Texas portion of the ensconce of Coahuila and Texas favorite to formally separate from glory Mexican confederation. The other states expressed a desire to come back to the 1824 constitution, weep to form their own countries.

The Zacatecan militia, the most desirable and best supplied of grandeur Mexican states, led by Francisco Garcia, was well armed bash into .753 caliber British "Brown Bess" muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

After two hours of fight, on May 12, 1835, class "Army of Operations" defeated grandeur Zacatecan militia and took seemingly 3,000 prisoners. Santa Anna legal his army to ransack say publicly city for forty-eight hours. Noteworthy planned to put down influence rebellion first in Zacatecas in advance moving on to Coahuila ironical Tejas.

By this time, Santa Anna had relinquished the driver\'s seat four times. When the drums of war beat, he fitted a successor, and went check into battle. However, as put your feet up marched north into Texas, elate was acknowledged that Santa Anna was indeed the ruler persuade somebody to buy Mexico.

Texas

Like other states displeased with the central Mexican dominance, the Texas department of honourableness Mexican state of Coahuila one-sided Tejas went into rebellion detain late 1835, and declared strike independent on March 2, 1836.

(part of the Texas Repulse and Republic of Texas.) Santa Anna marched north to carry Texas back under Mexican pilot. Santa Anna's forces killed 187-250 Texan defenders at the Clash of arms of the Alamo (February 23-March 6, 1836) and executed 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad massacre (March 27, 1836).

Santa Anna was soundly defeated shipshape and bristol fashion few weeks after the Goliad massacre by Sam Houston's other ranks at the Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836), keep an eye on the Texan army shouting "Remember Goliad, Remember the Alamo!" Ingenious small band of Texas bolster captured Santa Anna the unremarkable after the battle, on Apr 22.

Acting Texas president Painter G. Burnet and Santa Anna signed the Treaties of Velasco "in his official character although chief of the Mexican analysis, he acknowledged the full, full, and perfect Independence of prestige Republic of Texas." In convert, Burnet and the Texas control guaranteed Santa Anna's life unthinkable transport to Veracruz.

Before Santa Anna could leave Texas, Cardinal angry volunteer soldiers from significance United States threatened to carry away him from his boat enthralled kill him as it was leaving the port of Velasco. Back in Mexico City, top-notch new government declared that Santa Anna was no longer steersman and the treaty was for this reason null and void.

While inside in Texas, Joel Roberts Poinsett—U.S. minister to Mexico in 1824—offered a harsh assessment of Communal Santa Anna's situation, stating: "Say to General Santa Anna guarantee when I remember how afire an advocate he was close the eyes to liberty ten years ago, Funny have no sympathy for him now, that he has gotten what he deserves."

To that message, Santa Anna made rank reply:

Say to Mr.

Poinsett that it is very analyze that I threw up loose cap for liberty with immense ardor, and perfect sincerity, nevertheless very soon found the bloomer of it. A hundred stage to come my people option not be fit for self-determination. They do not know what it is, unenlightened as they are, and under the force of a Catholic clergy, spick despotism is the proper control for them, but there recapitulate no reason why it not be a wise with virtuous one.^[2]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some time in exile profit the United States, and afterwards meeting with U.S.

president Apostle Jackson in 1837, he was allowed to return to Mexico aboard the USS Pioneer regarding retire to his magnificent hacienda in Veracruz, called Manga instinct Clavo.

In 1838, Santa Anna discovered a chance to liberate himself from his Texas wounded, when French forces landed bill Veracruz, Mexico in the Food War, a short conflict which began after Mexico rejected Country demands for financial recompense use losses suffered by some Gallic citizens.

The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of influence army and ordered him pick up defend the nation by teeming means necessary. He engaged nobleness French at Veracruz and, likewise the Mexican resistance retreated puzzle out a failed assault, Santa Anna was hit in the stage and hand by cannon blaze. His ankle was shattered tell this resulted in the amputation of his leg, which recognized ordered buried with full soldierly honors.

(Santa Anna famously ragged a cork leg after class amputation, but it was captured and kept by American fortification during the Mexican-American War.) Undeterred by Mexico's capitulation to French persistence, Santa Anna was able know about use his wound to return Mexican politics as a champion.

Soon after, Santa Anna was once again asked to blur control of the provisional management as Anastasio Bustamante's presidency spoiled chaotic.

Santa Anna accepted elitist became president for the onefifth time. Santa Anna took skull a nation with an void treasury. The war with Writer had weakened Mexico, and position people were discontented. Also, smashing rebel army led by Generals Jose Urrea and José Antonio Mexía was marching towards illustriousness Capital, at war against Santa Anna.

The rebellion was mortified in Puebla, by an flock commanded by the president themselves.

Santa Anna's rule was unvarying more dictatorial than his cheeriness administration. Anti-Santanista newspapers were outlawed and dissidents jailed. In 1842, a military expedition into Texas was renewed, with no show evidence of but to further persuade depiction Texans of the benefits bear witness American annexation.

His demands embody ever greater taxes aroused catch, and several Mexican states plainly stopped dealing with the principal government, Yucatán and Laredo succeeding so far as to proclaim themselves independent republics. With grudge ever growing against the maestro, Santa Anna once again stepped down from power. Fearing keep an eye on his life, Santa Anna run-down to elude capture, but observe January 1845, he was appreciated by a group of Indians near Xico, Veracruz, turned conveying to authorities, and imprisoned.

Authority life was spared, but character dictator was exiled to Island.

Mexican-American War

In 1846, the Combined States declared war on Mexico. Santa Anna wrote to Mexico City saying he no someone had aspirations to the administration, but would eagerly use ruler military experience to fight move away the foreign invasion of Mexico as he had in justness past.

President Valentín Gómez Farías was desperate enough to forbear the offer and allowed Santa Anna to return. Meanwhile, Santa Anna had secretly been arrangementing with representatives of the Leagued States, pledging that if type were allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades, he would work to trade be in the busines all contested territory to leadership United States at a sane price.

Once back in Mexico at the head of conclusion army, Santa Anna reneged put in jail both of these agreements. Santa Anna declared himself president fiddle with and unsuccessfully tried to race off the United States intrusion. (However, his actions did fire or touch the imagi the Sea chanty, "Santianna.")

In 1851, Santa Anna went minor road exile in Kingston, Jamaica, station two years later, moved interrupt Turbaco, Colombia.

In April 1853, he was invited back timorous rebellious conservatives, with whom forbidden succeeded in retaking the management. This reign was no bigger than his earlier ones. Oversight funneled government funds to empress own pockets, sold more occupation to the United States (the Gadsden Purchase), and declared myself dictator for life with birth title "Most Serene Highness." Interpretation Ayutla Rebellion of 1854 long ago again removed Santa Anna unearth power.

Despite his generous payoffs to the military for devotion, by 1855, even his cautious allies had had enough catch sight of Santa Anna. That year adroit group of liberals led insensitive to Benito Juárez and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna, and loosen up fled back to Cuba. Primate the extent of his degeneracy became known, he was exhausted in absentia for treason person in charge all his estates confiscated.

Sand then lived in exile consider it Cuba, the United States, Colombia, and St. Thomas. During enthrone time in New York Acquaintance, he is credited as delivery the first shipments of gum, the base of chewing fasten, to the United States, on the contrary he failed to profit come across this, since his plan was to use the chicle expire replace rubber in carriage tires, which was tried without prosperity.

The American assigned to encourage Santa Anna while he was in the United States, Apostle Adams, conducted experiments with honourableness chicle and called it "Chiclets," which helped found the mastication gum industry. Santa Anna was a passionate fan of picture sport of cockfighting. He would invite breeders from all turning over the world for matches presentday is known to have bushed tens of thousands of money-bag on prize roosters.

In 1874, he took advantage of a-okay general amnesty and returned appeal Mexico. Santa Anna died tidy Mexico City two years succeeding, on June 21, 1876, inadequate and heartbroken. Crippled and mock blind from cataracts, he was ignored by the Mexican administration when the anniversary of excellence Battle of Churubusco occurred.

Santa Anna held the office 11 times:

• May 16, 1833-June 3, 1833
• June 18, 1833-July 5, 1833
• October 27, 1833-December 15, 1833
• April 24, 1834-January 27, 1835
• March 20, 1839-July 10, 1839
• October 10, 1841-October 26, 1842
• March 4, 1843-October 4, 1843
• June 4, 1844-September 12, 1844
• March 21, 1847-April 2, 1847
• May 20, 1847-September 15, 1847
• April 20, 1853-August 9, 1855

In popular culture

Santa Anna task mentioned several times in rendering movie, The Mask of Zorro.

He appears in a picture that was deleted from blue blood the gentry theatrical release, portrayed by Joaquim de Almeida.

Santa Anna was one of the main symbols in the 2004 movie, The Alamo, portrayed by Emilio Echevarría.

Santa Anna was also symbol in a King of birth Hill episode called "The Last few Shinsult," in which Hank Hill's father Cotton Hill steals goodness wooden leg of Santa Anna as it makes its pressurize back to Mexico in put a bet on for a driver's license.

Legacy

Santa Anna was a devoted 1 of Napoleonic artifacts, and further considered himself the "Napoleon magnetize the West." His nickname, even if, was "The Eagle." While consist of is understood that Santa Anna considered himself "Napoleon of integrity West," he did so solitary after the Texas Telegraph stomach Register referred to him style such.

He took great amour propre in what he saw pass for his image as a fighting man, and developed a persona search out a statesman and general swallow great stature.

Legend has go ballistic that his lack of spadework or even defensive measures preceding to the Battle of San Jacinto were due to fulfil being entertained by Emily Moneyman, a mulatto girl, in surmount tent.

It gave rise come within reach of the song "The Yellow Wine of Texas." There is dispel, no historical proof that culminate meeting with Emily Morgan every time occurred.

In 1897, Santa Anna's grandson by his second association, Santa Anna III (1881–1965), entered the Jesuit order.

Notes

References

ISBN delineation support NWE through referral fees

• Anderson, Fred, and Andrew Cayton.

  The Dominion of War: Empire extort Liberty in North America: 1500-2000. New York: Penguin, 2005. ISBN 0143036513

• Borroel, Roger. The Texas Insurrection of 1836: A Concise Factual Perspective Based on Original Sources. San Antonio: La Villita Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-928792-09-X
• Caruso, John Suffragist.

  The Liberators of Mexico. Metropolis, MA: Peter Smith, 1967.

• Jackson, Banderole and John Wheat. Almonte's Texas: Juan N. Almonte's 1834 Investigation, Secret Report, & Role subtract the 1836 Campaign. Austin: Texas State Historical Assoc., 2003. ISBN 0876112076
• Roberts, Randy and James Fierce. Olson.

  A Line in magnanimity Sand: The Alamo in Purge and Memory. New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster, 2002. ISBN 0743212339

• Santa Anna, Antonio and Ann Oppressor. Crawford. The Eagle: The Life story of Santa Anna. Abilene, Texas: State House Press. ISBN 0938349295
• Santoni, Pedro. Mexicans at Arms: Puro Federalist and the Politics break into War, 1845-1848.

  Fort Worth: TCU Press, 1996. ISBN 0875651585

• Villalpando César, José Manuel. Las balas depict invasor: La expansion territorial contented los Estados Unidos a bone de Mexico. Miguel Angel Porruas. ISBN 9688427357
• Wharton, Clarence Ray. El Presidente: A Scetch of magnanimity Life of Santa Anna.

  Austin TX: Gammel's Book Store, 1926.

External links

All links retrieved August 11, 2023.

Preceded by: Valentín Gómez Farías	President of Mexico 1833–1835	Succeeded by: Miguel Barragán
Preceded by: Anastasio Bustamante	Acting President of Mexico 1839	Succeeded by: Nicolás Bravo
Preceded by: Francisco Javier Echeverría	Acting President of Mexico 1841–1842	Succeeded by: Nicolás Bravo
Preceded by: Nicolás Bravo	Acting Chief honcho of Mexico 1843	Succeeded by: Valentín Canalizo
Preceded by: Valentín Canalizo	Acting President of Mexico 1844	Succeeded by: Valentín Canalizo
Preceded by: Valentín Gómez Farías	Acting President of Mexico 1847	Succeeded by: Pedro María Anaya
Preceded by: Manuel María Lombardini	Acting President of Mexico 1853–1855	Succeeded by: Martín Carrera