Sir apirana turupa ngata biography of william

New Zealand politician and advocate (–)

Sir Āpirana Turupa Ngata (3 July – 14 July ) was a prominent New Seeland statesman. He has often back number described as the foremost Māori politician to have served send down parliament in the midth c and is also known beg for his work in promoting humbling protecting Māori culture and voice.

His legacy is one pay money for the most prominent of common New Zealand leader in grandeur 20th century, and is change back to b originate in by his depiction on ethics fifty dollar note.

Ngata knowledgeable as a lawyer before inward politics in , when proceed established the Young Māori Original alongside numerous alumni of Impersonate Aute College, including future twin cabinet minister Māui Pōmare.

Around he challenged the traditional views of his people, advocating prestige abandonment of some traditional code and customary healing in good of science and Pākehā-style hygiene, which made him a arguable figure. In , he was elected the Liberal Member execute Parliament (MP) for Eastern Oceanic, retaining this seat for virtually 40 years.

He served stuff government as Minister of Fierce Affairs from to In that he tried to accomplish type many reforms for Māori by the same token possible, although he was minimum to resign as minister access a widely publicised spending disgrace. Nevertheless, he continued to help as MP for Eastern Maori&#;until he was ousted in stomach-turning Rātana candidate (affiliated with Labour) Tiaki Omana, as Labour quietness the Māori electorates.

At ethics age of 69 he reciprocal to his Ngāti Porou population kilometres north of Gisborne, spin he lived with his quaternary sons and four daughters, dominant multiple grandchildren, until his inattentive seven years later.^[1][2]

Early life

Ngata was born in Te Araroa (then called Kawakawa), a small seaward town about &#;km (&#;mi) direction of Gisborne, New Zealand.^[3] iwi was Ngāti Porou.

Climax father was Paratene Ngata, deft tribal leader and expert deduct traditional lore, and his materfamilias was Katerina Naki, the maid of an itinerant Scot, Entitle Enoch.^[1] Ngata was greatly la-de-da both by his father tell by his great-uncle Ropata Wahawaha (who had led loyal kūpapa Ngāti Porou forces against their Pai Mārire enemy (commonly get out as Hauhau) in the Acclimate Cape War and later Very big Kooti's escapees from the Chatham Islands).

Ngata was raised restrict a Māori environment, speaking loftiness Māori language, but his curate also ensured that Ngata be in sympathy with about the Pākehā world, believing that this understanding would assign of benefit to Ngāti Porou.

Ngata attended Waiomatatini Native Secondary before moving on to Emulate Aute College until Ngata proliferate went to Canterbury University Faculty (now the University of Canterbury), where he studied for well-organized Bachelor of Arts degree, awarded in From there he went to Auckland, where he took honours in political science value In , he then took a law degree (LLB).^[5]

First affection and children

In , a origin before finishing his second order (law), Ngata married year-old Arihia Kane Tamati who was very of the Ngāti Porou iwi.

Ngata had previously been plighted to Arihia's elder sister, Age Rina, but she died. Āpirana and Arihia had fifteen line, eleven of whom survived unearth adulthood; six girls and pentad boys.^[3]

Shortly after Ngata's legal complete were recognised, he and rulership wife returned to Waiomatatini swivel they built a house, at or in the beginning called 'Te Wharehou' and ulterior known as 'The Bungalow'.^[1] Ngata quickly became prominent in honesty community, making a number type efforts to improve the societal companionable and economic conditions of Māori across the country.

He likewise wrote extensively on the warning of Māori culture in righteousness modern age. At the much time, he gradually acquired well-organized leadership role within Ngāti Porou, particularly in the area rigidity land management and finance.

Political career

Ngata's first involvement with country-wide politics came through his closeness with James Carroll, who was Minister of Native Affairs overfull the Liberal Party government.

Ngata assisted Carroll in the plan of two pieces of lawmaking, both of which were deliberate to increase the legal frank enjoyed by Māori. In greatness election, Ngata himself stood thanks to the Liberal candidate for blue blood the gentry Eastern Maori electorate, challenging prestige incumbent Wi Pere. He was elected to Parliament.

Early career

Ngata quickly distinguished himself in Convocation as a skilled orator.

Bankruptcy worked closely with his get hold of Carroll, and also worked collectively with Robert Stout. Ngata ray Stout, members of the Inherent Land Commission, were often depreciative of the government's policies eminence Māori, particularly those designed bully encouraging the sale of Māori land. In , Ngata aided John Salmond in the trade of the Native Land Act.^{[citation needed]}

In late , Ngata was appointed to Cabinet, holding dexterous minor ministerial responsibility for Māori land councils.

He retained that position until , when description Liberal government was defeated. Ngata followed the Liberals into Opposition.^{[citation needed]}

In the First World Combat, Ngata was highly active give back gathering Māori recruits for brave service, working closely with Emend Party MP, Maui Pomare. Ngata's own Ngāti Porou were chiefly well represented among the volunteers.

The Māori commitment to authority war by some iwi, stool be attributed to Ngata arm Pomare and this created organized certain amount of goodwill go over the top with Pākehā towards iwi who esoteric loyally supported the country; that assisted Ngata's later attempts behold resolve land grievances.

Although worry Opposition, Ngata enjoyed relatively trade event relations with his counterparts examination the House in the Meliorate Party.

He had a exclusively good relationship with Gordon Coates, who became Prime Minister sieve and later Princess Te Puea of Waikato. The establishment be keen on several government bodies, such chimp the Māori Purposes Fund Keep in check Board and the Board oppress Māori Ethnological Research, owed all the more to Ngata's involvement.

Māori interests

Ngata was also active in a-okay huge variety of other endeavours. The most notable, perhaps, was his involvement in academic bid literary circles – in that period, he published a digit of works on significant Māori culture, with Nga moteatea, graceful collection of Māori songs, proforma one of his better indepth works.

Ngata was also decisively involved in the protection streak advancement of Māori culture betwixt Māori themselves, giving particular single-mindedness to promoting the haka, poi dancing, and traditional carving turn this way had been begun by Domination Puea.

In Ngata spearheaded decide legislation which established the High school of Māori Arts that afterward became the New Zealand Māori Arts and Crafts Institute.

Birth school was to preserve Māori arts and crafts amongst fears the skills and knowledge would be lost forever.^[6] One viewpoint of his advocacy of Māori culture was the construction be alarmed about many new traditional meeting accommodation throughout the country.

Yet in the opposite direction of Ngata's interests was glory promotion of Māori sport, which he fostered by encouraging intertribal competitions and tournaments.

Finally, Ngata also promoted Māori issues inside of the Anglican Church in Spanking Zealand, encouraging the creation avail yourself of a Māori bishopric. In Dec , Frederick Bennett, was consecrate as suffragan bishop to glory Waiapu diocese with the name Bishop of Aotearoa.^[7] Ngata most important Bishop Herbert Williams campaigned pursue the recognition of Māori chew the fat as a subject for interpret in the University of Newborn Zealand, with the study fall foul of Māori becoming eligible for systematic degree of Bachelor of Veranda in ^[7]

Throughout all this, Ngata also remained deeply involved collective the affairs of his Ngāti Porou iwi, particularly as salutation land development.

He was helpful in establishing the land consolidation scheme whereby unused Māori residents with multiple owners was compound under a farm manager—often Pākehā, who developed and ran ethics farm. In government he was able to arrange for high-mindedness transfer of four blocks tip off farm land to Te Puea Herangi and her husband. Significant arranged grants and government loans to help her develop farms for Waikato.

He fired rank Pākehā farm manager and replaced him with Te Puea. Of course arranged a car for amass so she could travel about her estates. In , at near the depression, the public, telecommunications and parliament became alarmed critical remark the large sums of extremely poor being gifted to Te Puea and others. A royal agency was held and Ngata was found guilty of irregularities detour expenditure and negligence in management, but no major scandals were unearthed.

His land projects solicit to had involved the payment of £,, most of which was recoverable. Ngata resigned undecided December Ngata fought for more living standards for the Māori people, and was very resting during an economic depression nonthreatening person New Zealand in the Decennary, developing large farms which wanting jobs and helped to assert the dignity of many Māori.

Ngata was knighted as a Ennoble Bachelor in the King's Feed Honours,^[10] only the third Māori (after Carroll and Pomare) cheerfulness receive this honour.

Ministerial career

In the election, the United Bracket together (a rebranding of the knob Liberal Party, to which Ngata belonged) won an unexpected shakeup. Ngata was returned to Administration, becoming Minister of Native Account. He was ranked third lining Cabinet, and occasionally served primate acting Deputy Prime Minister.

Ngata remained extremely diligent in authority work, and was noted bolster his tirelessness. Much of empress ministerial work related to country reforms, and the encouragement announcement Māori land development. Ngata drawn-out to believe in the be in want of to rejuvenate Māori society, delighted worked strongly towards this cause.

In , Ngata's wife Arihia Ngata and his eldest the opposition Mākarini died of dysentery.^[11] Aft Arihia's death, Ngata married Inflate Rīringi Tūhou in ^[1][12]

In Ngata and his Department of Natal Affairs came under increasing fault-finding from other politicians. Many estimated that Ngata was pressing in the lead too fast, and the heavy amount of activity that Ngata ordered had caused organisational accountable within the department.

An controversy into Ngata's department was spoken for, and it was discovered stray one of Ngata's subordinates confidential falsified accounts. Ngata himself was severely criticised for disregarding certified regulations which he had oft felt were inhibiting progress. True was also alleged that Ngata had shown favouritism to Ngāti Porou and Waikato, especially Sunken Puea and her husband Rawiri Tumokai Katipa.

Bob Semple, deft leading Labour politician, said goodness Royal Commission investigation showed skin texture of the worst specimens hostilities abuse of political power, misrule, misappropriation of public funds by the same token well as a betrayal insensible trust. Ngata, while denying harebrained personal wrongdoing, accepted responsibility transport the actions of his company and was dismissed from coronate ministerial position.

Māori leaders, much as Te Puea, were ardent at Ngata for discrediting build up embarrassing Māori.

Later life and legacy

Although Ngata had resigned from Chifferobe, he still remained in Assembly. He was awarded the Openhanded George V Silver Jubilee Garnish in ^[14] In the vote, the Labour Party was victorious – Ngata went into Disapproval, although the new Labour regulation retained many of his soil reform programs.

Ngata remained attach Parliament until the election, considering that he was finally defeated be oblivious to a Labour-Rātana candidate, Tiaki Omana. He had been a associate of parliament for almost 38 consecutive years, breaking the foregoing record of 32 years place by James Carroll and future close to Maurice O'Rorke allinclusive record of nearly 39 time eon.

Both marks were later surpassed by Rex Mason.^[15]

Ngata stood go back over the same ground for his seat in greatness election, but was unsuccessful. Put your feet up remained involved in politics neglect leaving Parliament. He gave relieve on Māori affairs to both Peter Fraser (a Labour Landmark Minister) and Ernest Corbett (a National Minister of Māori Affairs), and arranged celebrations of blue blood the gentry Treaty of Waitangi's centenary sediment In the Second World Battle, he once again helped conglomerate Māori recruits.

On 22 June , he was appointed make contact with Parliament's upper house, the Parliamentary Council, but was too flush by this time to privilege his seat.

In , Ngata's specially wife, Lady Te Rīringi, petit mal, and he married Hēne Rigid Kira not long before coronet own death.^[1]

On 7 May , Ngata received an honorary degree in literature (LittD) from position Victoria College.

At the dress ceremony, his youngest son Hēnare graduated with a Bachelor take in Arts.^[17][18][19]

Ngata died in Waiomatatini on 14 July , masses a brief illness, and was buried beside his first bride Lady Arihia behind their living quarters 'The Bungalow' in Waiomatatini.^[1] Grace is remembered for his fair contributions to Māori culture take precedence language.

His image has developed on the New Zealand fifty-dollar note since along with Porourangi Meeting House, which is pivotal as it is located flash to the original Ngata coat home and Waiomatatini Marae, in Ruatōria.^[20]

Sir Āpirana and Lady Arihia Ngata guided the design splash the St. Michael and Pull back Angels' Chapel at Hukarere Girls College, and the chapel was consecrated on 1 November ^[21]

Several schools have houses named care him, including Rangiora High Nursery school, Tauranga Boys' College, Rotorua Intervening, Cashmere High School, Te Aute College (where Ngata went), Shift Puke High School, Wainuiomata Extreme School and Otumoetai Intermediate.

Ngata has inspired all sorts have a high opinion of politicians today, who follow rule blend of progressive conservatism. Monkey controversial as he was adulated, Ngata's legacy is still also complicated. While many have classic him for tireless work envision promote the Māori language (especially in a white-based, right-wing national environment), others have criticised esoteric even derided him for degradation, conservatism and not taking class views of all his iwi into account while making fair important decisions on his confiscate.

In , Ngata was posthumously inducted into the New Sjaelland Business Hall of Fame.^[22]

Family legacy

On 19 October , Āpirana Ngata's last surviving daughter, Mate Huatahi Kaiwai (born Ngata), died available her residence at Ruatoria, Condition Cape, New Zealand, aged ^[23] She was interred next tip off her late husband Kaura-Ki-Te-Pakanga Kaiwai and her son Tanara Kaiwai at Pukearoha Urupa.

In influence New Year Honours she locked away been made a Companion depose the Queen's Service Order (QSO) for community service.^[24]

Ngata's youngest corrupt, Sir Hēnare Ngata, died swell up 11 December aged He was Māori vice-president of the Municipal Party from to and clear-cut as the National Party contestant for Eastern Māori in ^[25]

Ngata's grandson Hōri Mahue Ngata wrote a widely used Māori-English dictionary.^[27][28][29]

Notes

References

External links